History:-
There
are at least four reasons why hunter gatherers moved from place to place: -
i. If they had stayed at one place for a long
time, they would have eaten up all the available plant and animal resources.
ii. Animals
move from place to place.
iii. Plants
and trees bear fruit in different seasons.
iv. People,
plants and animals need water to survive.
Kurnool caves: - Traces of ash show
that people were familiar with the use of fire.
Palaeolithic: - This comes from
two Greek words, ‘palaeo’, meaning old, and ‘lithos’, meaning
stone.
Ostriches were found in India during
the Palaeolithic period. Large quantities of ostrich egg shells were found at
Patne in Maharashtra.
The Mesolithic period (12,000-10,000
years ago)
The beginning of the Neolithic (10,000
years ago)
Geography:-
There are four important parallels of
latitudes–
(i)
Tropic of Cancer (23_° N) in theNorthern Hemisphere.
(ii)
Tropic of Capricorn (23_° S) in the Southern Hemisphere.
(iii)
Arctic Circle at 66_° north of the equator.
(iv)
Antarctic Circle at 66_° south of the equator.
Equator: an
imaginary line on the Earth's surface equidistant from the North Pole and South
Pole, dividing the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.
A prime
meridian is a meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographical coordinate
system at which longitude is defined to be 0°. A prime
meridian and its
opposite in a 360°-system, the 180th meridian(at 180° longitude), form a great circle. This great circle
divides the sphere, e.g., the Earth, into two hemispheres.
When the Prime Meridian of Greenwich
has the sun at the highest point in the sky, all the places along this meridian
will have mid-day or noon.
Earth rotates from west to east.
The earth rotates 360° in about 24
hours, which means 15° an hour or 1° in four minutes.
India located east of Greenwich at 82°30'E
is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of GMT. So it will be 7:30 p.m. in India when
it is 2:00 p.m. noon in London.
The earth has been divided into
twenty-four time zones of one hour each. Each zone thus covers 15° of
longitude. Russia has eleven standard times.
Social and Political Life:-
There are
eight major religions in the world. Every single one of them is practised in
India. We have more than 1600 languages that are people's mother tongues, and
there are more than a hundred dance forms.
Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar (1891-1956) is
considered the father of the Indian Constitution. Dr Ambedkar was the first
person from his caste who completed his college education and went to England
to become a lawyer.
:)
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